Unthinkable (87 page)

nuclear energy,
34
–63

natural gas energy vs.,
41
–42

peaceful uses of,
34
–35,
38
–41,
48
,
88
,
109

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT),
34
–40,
51
,
54
–55,
58
,
86
,
88
,
100
,
401

Additional Protocol of,
116
,
143
,
379

Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement of,
35
,
37
–40,
42
,
58

conditions stipulated by,
55

Iran as signatory to,
34
–35,
37
,
202
–3,
447

sanctions issued under,
48
,
57

threatened withdrawal of Iran from,
62
–63,
80
,
205
,
216
,
218
,
222
,
238
,
248
,
258
,
274
,
377
,
378
,
381
,
384

violations of,
245

nuclear war,
407

containment vs.,
395

“escalation dominance” in,
328
–30

“mutual assured destruction” (MAD) and,
298
,
327
,
329
,
347
,
387

“red line” concept and,
333
–38,
378
–79

second strike capabilities in,
327
–28,
388

as unthinkable,
xix

nuclear weapons:

blackmail threats and,
76
–79,
311
,
341
,
458
–59

caution and restraint with,
73
–76,
100
,
110
–11

countries discontinuing quest for,
98
,
365
,
368
,
376

countries in possession of,
34
,
35
,
54
,
60
,
73
–81,
83
–84,
97
–99,
417

defensive vs. offensive rationale for,
22
–23,
31
,
59
,
70
–76

as deterrents,
59
,
60
,
61
,
72
–77,
112

fear of,
66
,
293

Islamic law and,
57
–58

limitation of,
83
–84,
97
,
100

physics and engineering problems in production of,
35
–36

proliferation of,
83
–100,
311
,
338
–41,
375
,
391
,
403
,
412

radioactive fallout from,
56

radioactive fissile materials in,
35
–40,
42
–43,
45
–46,
48
–49,
54
,
68
,
145

tactical,
346
–47

terrorism and,
68
–70,
97
–98

unlikelihood of Iranian transfer of,
68
–70,
334
,
337

Nye, Joseph,
14

Obama, Barack,
26
,
54
,
118
–20,
139
,
144
,
148
,
252
,
304
–5,
386
,
414
, å465

containment policy disavowed by,
279
–80,
290

criticism of,
131

drawdown of troops in Afghanistan by,
304

Dual-Track Iran policy of,
xix
,
8
,
33
,
71
,
103
–4,
115
,
119
–20,
122
–28,
131
–32,
140
,
206
,
287
–89,
378
–80

elections of,
122
,
123
,
255

Israeli strike on Iran opposed by,
206
,
221

Khamene'i and,
123
,
379

“red line” rhetoric of,
334
,
378
–79

regime change rationale and,
164
,
167
–68

2013 State of the Union address of,
280
,
379

withdrawal of troops from Iraq by,
304

O'Connell, Mary Ellen,
245

O'Hanlon, Michael,
239

Olmert, Ehud,
206

Oman,
231
,
247
,
342
,
348

Osirak reactor,
184
,
191
,
194
,
199
–200,
201
,
202
,
240

O'Sullivan, Meghan,
112
–13,
152
–53,
156
,
179
–80,
383

Pacific Ocean,
333
,
356

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah,
see
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran

Pakistan,
70
,
138
,
247

Baluch population of,
73

drug smuggling and terrorist operations of,
73

Indian conflict with,
74
–75,
293
–94,
315
,
377
–78

Iranian nuclear program aided by,
35
–37,
39
–40

Kahuta nuclear plant in,
85

Kashmir crisis and,
75
,
293
–94,
378

nuclear arsenal of,
35
,
36
,
37
,
50
,
60
–61,
66
,
72
–73,
74
–75,
81
,
85
–86,
98
,
208
,
294
,
295
,
306
,
315
,
331
,
369
,
375
,
378
,
410
,
411
,
497

Saudi relations with,
85
,
87

terrorists and extremists in,
294

Palestine Liberation Organization,
315

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ),
26
,
30
,
173

Iranian support for,
185
,
207
–9,
258
–59,
337
,
350

Palestinians,
15
,
84
,
95
,
163
,
204
,
213
–14,
259
,
318

Jewish hostages taken by,
193

see also
Arab-Israel conflict

Pan Am Flight
103
bombing,
153
,
257

Panetta, Leon,
236

Parchin military complex,
43
,
192
,
232

Paris,
54
,
128

Parsi, Trita,
123

Parthians,
10

Passchendaele, Battle of,
300

Patrikarakos, David,
60

Payne, Keith,
302
,
329
–30

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on,
71

Perry, Mark,
149

Persian Empire:

1501 Safavid conquest of,
70

as world's first superpower,
10
,
12

as World War I battleground,
70
–71

Persian Gulf,
xiv
,
16
,
34
,
60
,
85
,
89
,
112
,
314
,
339

flow of oil through,
268
,
285

U.S. interests in,
161
,
169
,
220
,
412
–13

U.S. naval forces in,
146
,
219
,
232
,
247
–48,
267
,
284
,
285
,
303
,
314
,
324
,
345
,
347
,
355
–56,
362
,
503

Persian Gulf War,
xv
,
50
,
69
,
151
,
183
,
212
,
243
,
244
,
251
,
286
,
346

Kuwait liberated in,
352

oil market and,
362
,
363

as Operation Desert Storm,
199
,
200
,
201
,
240
,
241
,
303
,
340

U.S.-led coalition in,
67
,
252
,
257
,
353

Persian Puzzle, The
(Pollack),
158

Pickering, Tom,
336

Pillar, Paul,
69

Pinochet, Augusto,
368

Pletka, Danielle,
158
–60,
181
,
281
,
322
,
396
,
407

plutonium,
35
–36

separation of,
36
,
37
–38,
45
,
51

polonium-210,
40

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC),
207
–9

Powell, Colin,
52

Princeton Survey Research Associates International,
256

Proliferation Security Initiative,
227

Putin, Vladimir,
99

Pyongyang,
74
,
81
,
111
,
294

Qadhafi, Muammar,
69
,
153
,
241
,
301
,
487

Qajars,
10

Qatar,
26
,
78
,
231
,
247
,
250
,
342
,
348
–49

Qom,
42
,
45
,
49
,
189
,
192

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi,
18
,
21
,
285
,
325
,
501

liberal tendencies of,
13
,
20
,
115
,
120
,
133
,
286

presidency of,
13
,
115
,
286

on WMD,
59

Ramazani, R. K.,
5

Ranchian, Saeed,
134

RAND Corporation,
299

2010 poll of,
162

Rapidan Group,
364

Reagan, Ronald,
139
,
153
,
170
,
283
,
284
–85,
288
,
370
,
372

Red Army,
71
,
75
,
77
,
312
,
313
,
345

Reissner, Johannes,
113

Repubblica
(Rome),
162
–63

Republican Party,
122

Reuters-IPSOS survey,
256

Riyadh,
15
,
84
–87,
316
,
341

Ross, Dennis,
252
,
462

Rowhani, Hassan,
33
,
120

Royal Navy,
16

Rubin, Barry,
341

Rushdie, Salman,
59

Russia,
8
,
56
,
78
,
99

nuclear arsenal of,
64
,
293
,
418

sanctions opposed by,
61
,
138

U.S. strike on Iran opposed by,
244
,
246
,
249
,
254

see also
Soviet Union

Ryabkov, Sergei,
249

Sadat, Anwar as-,
90

Sadjadpour, Karim,
13
,
21
,
41
,
124
,
140
,
167
,
218
,
280
–81,
306
,
440
–41

Safavi, Yahya Rahim,
211

Safavids,
10
,
70

Salehi, Ali Akbar,
58
,
134
,
141
–42

Salehi, Ataollah,
219

Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad,
135

Sarkosy, Nicolas,
129

Sassanids,
10

Saudi Arabia,
26
,
70
,
84
–87,
91
,
95
,
157
,
248
,
250
,
295
,
316
,
362

al-Qa'ida supported by,
69

Eastern Province of,
85

impact of Iranian nuclear program on,
3
,
78
,
84
–87,
95
,
97
,
110
,
410
–11

Israeli relations with

Khobar Towers attack in,
67
,
72
,
85
,
173
,
208
,
273
,
302
–3,
492

oil industry of,
78
,
84
–85,
86
,
88
,
173
,
262
,
361
,
363
,
506
,
509

Pakistan and,
85
,
87

police in,
84

reforms in,
318

Salafiyya (Wahhabi) Islam practiced in,
15

Shi'as in,
84
,
85
,
260
,
506