Supreme Commander (41 page)

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.

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1945
–
1952. Routledge (UK), 2003.

Summation—History of the Non-Military Activities in Japan,
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–
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Swearingen, Roger, and Paul Langer.
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1952
.

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1992
.

Terasaki, Gwen.
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Textor, Robert B.
Failure in Japan
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1939
–
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Toland, John.
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———.
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–
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Tracy, Honor.
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Truman, Harry S.
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———.
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Tsutsui, William M.
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.

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.

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Whitney, Courtney.
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. University of Georgia Press,
1979
.

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Unit
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Willoughby, Charles A., and John Chamberlain.
MacArthur,
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Military Affairs
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Wolfe, Robert.
Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan,
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.

Woodard, William P.
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Yoshida, Shigeru.
The Yoshida Memoirs: The Story of Japan in Crisis
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Index

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Abu Ghraib, 205

Acheson, Dean, xvi, 58–59, 101, 223, 242–43, 254–55, 259, 266, 271, 278, 295

Acton, Lord, 279

Adams, John, 204

Advance to Barbarism
(Veale), 210–11

Akihito, Crown Prince of Japan, 79, 118

as emperor, 294

Alexander the Great, 66, 277

Allied Council for Japan (ACJ), 64, 91, 93, 101, 166–67, 169, 176, 251, 281

Allison, John M., 252, 256, 262

Almond, Ned, 101

Alsop, Stewart, 252

Amaterasu (war goddess), 122

American Caesar
(Manchester), 295

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 220

American Council on Japan, 235–37

American Expeditionary Force

Europe (1918), 4 (
see also
Forty-Second Infantry)

Siberia (1919–20), 17

American Famine Emergency Committee, 106

anthrax, 178, 181, 183–84, 194, 196–97

antitrust, 231, 235–36

Anti-Trust and Cartels Division, 235–36

Appomattox, 34, 55

Arisue, Seizo, 29–30

Army, Department of, U.S., 143, 229, 243

Army-Navy football game, 14

Arnold, Henry “Hap,” xv, 6

Asahi Shimbun
(newspaper), 265

Ashida, Hitoshi, 134, 137

Ashmead, John, 140n

Associated Press, 161

Atcheson, George, 97, 101, 125, 127, 161, 169, 224, 255, 290

Atkinson, Brooks, 225

Atlantic Charter (1941), 72

Atlantic Monthly
, 140n

atom bomb, xv–xvi, 3, 10, 13, 24, 28, 45, 48–49, 55, 104, 178, 182, 194, 217–19, 246, 281

atrocities, 33, 72–73, 80–81, 198, 200–206, 295.
See also
war crimes trials

Auschwitz, 295

Australia, 42, 47, 64, 72, 136, 174, 183, 198, 202, 251

 

Baba, Kikutaro, 249

Baldwin, Hanson, 275

Baldwin, Karl, 56

Baldwin, Roger, 220

Ball, Macmahon, 279, 281

balloon attacks, 181–82

baseball, 100, 105, 160, 244–48, 282–83

Bataan Death March, 73, 75, 106, 204

Bataan gang, 95, 101

Bay of Pigs fiasco, 259

Beard, Charles A., 151

Beard, Mary, 151

Belisarius, 227

Bertelli, Angelo, 218

biological weapons (BW), 178–97, 212–13, 295–96

Tokyo attack of 1948, 191–93

USSR war crimes trial and, 194–95

Bird, Horace, 38

birth control, 149, 151

Bismarck, Otto von, 65

Bisson, Thomas, 95

Black Dragon Society, 21

black market, 49, 91, 109, 169, 226, 239, 283

Blaik, Earl “Red,” 14, 293

Blyth, Dr. Reginald, 118–21

Bolsheviks, 17, 171

Bonus Army, 5, 7–8, 172

Bowers, Faubion, 69, 73, 78, 220, 286

Bradley, Omar, 7, 162, 260, 275, 279

Bremer, Paul, 70n

Britain, 86–87, 131, 208.
See also
United Kingdom

British House of Commons, 201

Brooke, Sir Alan, 33

Buddhists, 123

Bulge, Battle of the, 33

Bull Run, Battle of, 14

Buna, Battle of, 13, 28, 100, 163, 278, 287

Bunce, Dr. Arthur, 255

Burma, 63

Bush, George W., 70n, 299

Byrnes, James, xvi, 63, 92–94, 103, 142–43, 166–67, 176

 

Caesar, Julius, 66, 277

Camp Detrick, Maryland (
later
Fort Detrick), 182, 184, 189, 196–97, 296

Canada, 42, 198

Castro, Fidel, 250

censorship, 89, 169, 219–20, 246

Cheney, Dick, 280

“Cherry Blossoms at Night” plan, 194, 196

Chiang Kai-shek, 110, 181, 242

China, 17, 42, 72, 81, 181.
See also
Manchuria; Pingfan, China

biological weapons and, 218, 296 (
see also
Unit 731)

Communist, 101, 175, 208, 223, 242–43

FEC and, 63–64, 93, 144

Japanese POWs in, 174–75

Korean War and, 259, 260–61, 275

reparations and, 113, 233n, 252

war crimes trials and, 198–99

Choate, Joseph H., Jr., 155–56, 290

cholera, 184, 195–96

Christianity, 123, 225

Christmas, 123

Churchill, Winston, xiii, 28, 33, 181, 184, 201, 272, 281

civilian affairs teams, 94–95

Civilian Conservation Corps, 5

Civil Information and Education Section, 95, 110–11, 118, 153, 219, 257

civil liberties, 113, 115–16, 122, 125, 219–20, 227.
See also
democracy; freedom of speech; political reform

Civil Rights Act (U.S., 1964), 153

civil service reform, 173

Civil War, 14, 180, 200, 212

Clausewitz, Carl von, 290

Clay, Lucius, 230

Clinton, Hillary, 299

Coalition Provisional Authority (Iraq, 2003), 70n

Cohen, Theodore, 95, 283

Cold War, 221, 288

colonialism, 208, 252

Combined Advisory Committee on Tropical Medicine, Hygiene and Sanitation, 183

command accountability, 200, 205–7

Committee for the Investigation of Constitutional Problems (Matsumoto Committee), 126–27, 135

Committee of Three, 55

Committee to Popularize the Constitution, 141

Communism, 99, 101, 113, 152, 165–66, 225–27, 241–42, 252–56, 260–61, 266, 292

Communist Party of Japan, 143, 152, 166–76, 227, 242, 253, 287, 290

strike threat of 1947, 169–74

Compton, Dr. Karl, 185, 194

Conant, Dr. James, 159

Connally, Tom, 8

constitution, Japan (1951), 86, 95, 113–14, 121, 125–46, 219, 228, 283, 287, 289, 294

Article 1 and 2 (status of emperor), 117, 139, 144–45

Article 9 (renunciation of war), 136, 138, 251, 257, 262–63, 287

Article 14 (nondiscrimination), 152

Article 24 (women's rights), 152

draft by Japanese, 125–27

draft by SCAP, 127–33, 219

draft finalized and translated, 132–40

FEC and, 141–44

officially adopted, 140–45

constitutional monarchy, 55–56

Corregidor, 12, 26, 33, 44, 204

Cosgrave, Dr. Moore, 39

Craigie, Robert, 213

Cuban Missile Crisis, 250

cultural and religious objects, 89, 110–12, 218, 289.
See also
religion

 

Dai Ichi Building, 53, 71, 123, 156–57

Daily Express
(London), 202

Darius I, 13, 33

Darwin, Charles, 69

D-Day, 103, 258

demilitarization, 86, 103, 228, 233.
See also
disarmament; militarism

democracy, 28, 56, 60, 62–63, 78–80, 87–90, 114, 124, 140n, 145, 152, 168–69, 220, 224–26, 228, 234, 238.
See also
civil liberties; political reform

emperor and, 80, 85, 117, 120

Democratic Party (U.S.), 265

Dempsey, Jack, 51

Derevyanko, Kuzma, 165–67, 169, 174–75, 252

Devers, Jacob, 282

Devil's Gluttony, The
(Morimura and Shimozato), 296

Dewey, Thomas E., 253, 259

Diet, 111, 125, 131, 134, 139–41, 145, 171, 174, 177, 219, 265

hoarded goods scandal and, 239

Communist seats in, 173

constitution and, 144

women's rights and, 147–49, 151–52

Dillon Read firm, 234

DiMaggio, Joe, 247–48, 282–83

disarmament, 104–6, 217–18

disease.
See
biological weapons; medical problems

divorce, 148, 151–53

Dodge, Joseph, 236–37, 240n, 241–43, 290

Dodge Plan, 241–43

dollar-yen exchange rate, 240n

domino theory, 252, 297

Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 11

Doolittle, Jimmy, xv, 48

Dower, John, 295

Draper, William, 222, 228–30, 232–34, 237, 239, 278

Dulles, John Foster, 242, 251, 253–54, 256, 261–64, 273–74, 285, 287, 290, 297

Dulles Peace Mission, 262–64

Dyke, Ken, 96–97, 118–19, 121

 

Economic and Scientific Section, 50, 95, 100, 244

economic blockade, 105, 222, 238

economic policy, 20, 50, 90–91, 96, 221–23, 226, 228–43, 292, 297–98

“Economic Recovery of Japan, The” (Draper), 230

education, 20, 79, 86, 121, 123–24, 126, 146, 219, 281

Japanese history of WW II and, 294–95

on new constitution, 141

phonetic vs. kanji Japanese and, 140n

Shinto separated from, 123

women and, 149, 153

Edwards, Corwin, 232

Eichelberger, Robert, 61, 88, 143, 172

arrival in Japan and, 17–18, 28–29, 37, 53

Allied Council and, 251

American Council and, 236

background and personality of, 13–14, 17–18, 100–101

Eisenhower and, 101, 287

peace treaty and, 253

Philippines and, 13, 28–29, 100, 163, 278, 287

relationship with MacArthur, 13–14, 100–101, 161, 163, 236, 278–79, 282, 287

Siberian war and, 18, 100–101

war crimes trials and, 207

West Point and, 14

Eighth Army, 17, 28, 37, 100, 176, 241–42, 261, 273

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 7, 194

death of MacArthur and, 293

Eichelberger and, 101, 287

Korean War and, 259

occupation of Germany and, 87, 236

Philippines and, 279, 286, 291

presidency and, 162, 255, 274

relationship with MacArthur, 34, 78, 101, 162, 279, 286–87, 291

WW II and, 6, 33, 103

elections (Japanese), 219

1946, 124, 127, 140–43, 145, 148–49, 169–70, 174, 177

1947, 173

1949, 176

1950, 176

1952, 176

Eleventh Airborne, 31

Ellerman, Ruth, 141

Embracing Defeat
(Dower), 295

Emmerson, John, 103

emperor.
See also
Hirohito

constitution and status of, 127–28, 131–32, 136, 138–39, 144–45, 228

freedom of speech and, 115

Shinto and divine status of, 116–18

USSR and, 167

English language, 96

Europe first, 223, 236

exports, 237, 239, 242

 

Far East Air Forces, 13

Far East co-prosperity sphere, 242

Far Eastern Commission (FEC), 63–64, 91, 112, 127, 229, 252, 271

directive of June 19, 1947, 238n

Japanese constitution and, 134, 136, 139, 141–44, 176

Japanese economy and, 233

Kennan and, 227

labor unions and, 174

SCAP chain of command and, 91–94

USSR and, 174–76

Fellers, Bonner, 12, 49, 55, 68–69, 71, 76, 117

feudalism, 28, 88, 90, 108–9, 114, 128, 147–48, 251, 285

Fire Prevention Week, 160

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 272

food shortages, 31, 49–50, 87, 93, 103, 105–10, 114, 169, 283, 287

Force of Women in History, The
(Beard), 151

Force of Women in Japanese History, The
(Beard), 151

Ford, Henry, 170

Foreign Affairs
, 225

foreign aid, 222

foreign exchange controls, 89

Formosa, 103, 112–13, 254, 264.
See also
Taiwan

Forrestal, James, 55, 223, 234

Fortune
, 162, 235, 237–41

Forty-Second Infantry (“Rainbow Division”), 4, 65, 271

France, 42, 198, 208

Franks, Tommy, 280

freedom of speech, 20, 115, 168–69, 218–19

free market, 20, 96, 230–31

Fuji, Mount, 24, 122–23

Fujinomiya Shrine, 122–23

Fundamental Law of Education (Japan, 1947), 149

 

G-2 (U.S. Army intelligence), 190

G-12 spy apparatus, 10

gambling, 226

Ganoe, William, 282

Garfield, James, 162n

Garner, Jay, 70n

Gehrig, Lou, 245

General Headquarters (GHQ), 94–95, 97–98, 110–11, 120

“Go Home Quickly!,” 251

Geneva Conventions, 174, 204

Geneva disarmament conference (1930), 136

Geneva Protocol (1925), 179

Germany

Japan vs., 269–70

Nazi, 17, 18, 179, 184–86, 198

postwar, and occupation of, 52, 87, 94, 106, 112, 146, 163, 168, 236

surrender of, 34

Weimar, 137

women's rights and, 146

WW I and, 4, 17, 55, 65

Gettysburg Address, 39

Gifu City, 22

Goldwyn, Samuel, 297

Golunsky, S. A., 220–21n

Goodman, Grant, 156–57

Gordon, Joseph, 149

Göring, Hermann, 207

government, Japan (s
ee also
democracy; Hirohito; Japanese Civil Code; Diet; elections; local government; political reform; women's rights;
and specific individuals and ministries
)

constitution and, 129, 132–33

democracy and, 90

employees and, 170–74, 242, 238, 289

Fellers on reform of, 76

laws translated into English, 96

MacArthur and, 65, 72, 86, 89

repatriation and, 104

SCAP and, 91, 94–95

Special Investigation Bureau, 175

Supreme Court, 145, 123

Women's and Minors' Bureau, 149–51

zaibatsu
and, 231–32

Government Section, 95, 98

Japanese constitution and, 128–32, 141

Gracchi brothers, 110

Grant, Ulysses, 33, 34, 55, 60–61, 162n, 291–92

Grew, Joseph, xvi, 27–28, 55–56, 213, 234, 245

Griffin, Robert, 252, 290

Gulf War (1991), 279–80

Gunther, John, xv, 128

 

Haber, Fritz, 183

Hadley, Eleanor M., 231, 234–35

Hague Conventions