Supreme Commander (37 page)

212  
“There is not sufficient evidence”
: Röling and Rüter, 464.

212  
FDR refused to meet with Konoe
: Observation by Herbert Hoover, in Nash, 270–77, 879.

213  
“The victors are”
: Finn, 78.

213  
“I was always convinced”
: Röling, 82.

20
: GEORGE KENNAN PAYS A VISIT

217  
“Americans get homesick”
: Rau, 3. The ambassador's daughter, Santha Rama Rau, subsequently married Major Faubion Bowers.

217  
“As far as”
: Tracy, 172.

218  
“Atomic Souvenir Shop”
: Brines, 32.

218  
“Atom Bowl”
: John D. Lukacs, “Nagasaki, 1946: Football Among the Ruins,”
New York Times
, December 25, 2005, SP9.

218  
“There seems”
: Sheldon, 142.

218  
Number of periodicals and magazines
: Cohen, 33.

218  
Percentage of Japanese women in favor of love marriage
: Ibid., 335.

218  
Okunoshima
: Nicholas D. Kristof, “Okunoshima Journal: A Museum to Remind Japanese of Their Own Guilt,”
New York Times
, August 12, 1995.

219  
purge
: These 220,000 people represented little more than a quarter of one percent of the Japanese population, compared to 2.5 percent in Germany. One of the men purged in 1946 was Akio Morita, a teacher at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He found a job with a small start-up and eventually made it one of the largest consumer electronics companies in the world: Sony.

219  
“If one machine gun”
: Gunther, 147.

219  
“Japan might have won”
: Braw, 10.

219  
“disturbs the public tranquility”
: Hellegers, 427.

220  
“news must adhere”
: Harvey, 365.

220  
“Why, that man knows”
: Manchester, 481.

220  
“My God, how does”
: Bowers, 93.

220  
“What a man!”
: Whitney, 306.

221  
“further left . . . fiasco”
: Schaller, 45.

221  
“The time has now . . . If the United Nations . . . No weapon, not even”
: “MacArthur Favors Japan Treaty Now to End Occupation,”
New York Times
, March 18, 1947, 1, 20; van Aduard, 63; Hall, 45.

222  
“economic disaster, inflation”
: Schaller, 145.

222  
“really amounted to”
: Ibid.

222  
“morgue”
: Schonberger, 185.

222  
“far to the left”
: James Lee Kauffman, “A Lawyer's Report on Japan Attacks Plan to Run Occupation,”
Newsweek
, December 1, 1947, 36–40.

222  
“assume any responsibility”
: Whitney, 267.

224  
“military occupations serve”
: February 20, 1947, letter to U.S. Congress, “In Support of Appropriations for Occupation Purposes,”
PRJ
, Sept. 1945–Sept. 1948, vol. 2, 764.

224  
“the men who . . . serve as a deterrent”
: Twenty-seventh paragraph and final paragraph.

224  
“We should cease”
: Takemae, 555.

224  
“democracy must be abandoned”
: Harvey, 386.

224  
Marshall to Kennan advice
: Memorandum of conversation between Marshall and Kennan, Feb. 19, 1948, PPS Records, Box 33.

225  “
America's Global Planner”
:
New York Times Magazine
, July 13, 1947, 9, 32–33.

225  
“I'll have him briefed”
: Kennan, 383.

225  
“a civilian David”
: Ibid., 382.

225  
“the only other”
: Ibid., 384.

225  
“fundamentally alter”
: Gaddis, 301.

225  
“thirsting”
: Kennan, 384; Kennan memorandum, “General MacArthur's Remarks at Lunch,” March 1, 1948,
FRUS
(1948), vol. 6, 697.

225  
Yoshida on MacArthur as a pacing lion
: Finn, 23.

225  
Kennan on MacArthur as a horse
: Gaddis, 301.

225  
“an envoy charged”
: Kennan, 382.

226  
“to inquire”
: Kennan to MacArthur, March 2, 1948, MacArthur Archives, RG 5, Box 32.

226  
Kennan-MacArthur private dinner
: Kennan, 393; Gaddis 302.

226  
$
8
million/month black market
: Wildes, 36.

226  
“The personal enrichment”
: Kennan, 387.

227  
“We have probably got”
: Ibid., 390.

227  
“From that moment”
: Memo of conversation between Kennan and MacArthur, March 5, 1948,
FRUS
(1948), vol. 6, 699–706.

227  
“They deserved the respect”
: Kennan, 371; biographer John Lukacs calls this paragraph the kind of mellifluous prose “we are unlikely to see in a thousand years” (Lukacs, 67).

227  
“We parted”
: Kennan, 386; see memo of conversation between Kennan and MacArthur, March 5, 1948,
FRUS
(1948), vol. 6, 699–706.

228  
“the most significant constructive . . . on no other”
: Kennan, 393.

228  “
Reverse course” invented by Japanese scholars
: Bailey, 52; see also Perry, 122, and Tsutsui, 119. Many historians display a certain lack of rigor when they interpret the past and make judgments based on what we now know. In his book about Kennan and American foreign policy, Wilson Miscamble says: “One must avoid reading history backwards and imposing an artificial coherence” (Miscamble, xiii).

228  
“a major shift”
: Schaller, 104.

228  
“The emphasis should shift”
: Kennan, 391.

228  
“immediate shift”
: Schaller, 117.

229  
“appropriate shift”
: “Statement of U.S. Policy toward Economic Recovery of Japan,” November 1947, Stimson Papers, Yale University.

229  
“more emphasis”
: FRUS (1948), vol. 6, 854–56.

229  
“SCAP was to shift”
: Ibid., 857–62.

229  
“The effect”
: Kennan, 393.

229  
Kennan's seven specific recommendations
: Ibid., 391.

229  
“control of”
: “General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's New Year Message, January 1, 1949,”
Documents Concerning the Allied Occupation and Control of Japan
, vol. 2, 221.

21
: A SHIFT IN EMPHASIS

230  
“the necessary shift”
: Schonberger, 167

230  
“socialism in private hands”
: MacArthur to Department of the Army, 24 October 1947, Stimson Papers, Yale University.

231  
Eleanor Hadley on the
zaibatsu: “Trust Busting in Japan,”
Harvard Business Review
vol. 26, no. 4 (July 1948): 429. The reader may note that many of these corporations no longer exist due to divestiture or merger/acquisition. Only General Motors, U.S. Steel, Dole Pineapple, Alcoa, and DuPont still survive, along with two others that have been restructured (National City Bank, now Citibank, and Metropolitan Life, now MetLife). Such is the dynamic of American capitalism. In the late 1940s these eighteen companies were the industry leaders of America.

231  
“Not only”
:
Report on Japanese Reparations to the President of the United States
, 39.

231  
“virtual destruction”
:
Newsweek
, December 1, 1947, 37.

231  
“permitted the family groups”
:
PRJ
, 780–83.

232  
“Decision should be made”
: MacArthur March 21 meeting with Draper and Kennan,
FRUS
(1948), vol. 6, 711.

232  
“merely a camouflage”
: Ibid., 710.

233  
“conflict between”
: January 6, 1948, speech, quoted in Moore and Robinson, 117.

233  
“more emphasis”
:
FRUS
(1948), vol. 6, 654–56.

233  
“Japan is costing us”
: H. Alexander Smith Papers, 1949, Princeton University Library, 393–95; see also
U.S. News
, March 4, 1949, 24–25.

234  
Harvard Club meeting
: Schonberger, “The Japan Library in American Diplomacy, 1947–1952,”
Pacific Historical Review
(August 1977): 339–44; Takemae, 459.

235  
“elderly incompetents . . . the most effete”
: Kennan, 702.

235  
“major shifts”
: Eichelberger, 288.

235  
“It has always”
: Sugita, 32.

236  
“Stop inflation”
: Van Aduard, 93.

236  “
Get Dodge
”:
New York Times
, December 3, 1964, obituary. When Eisenhower became president in 1953, he made Dodge the director of the Bureau of the Budget (now called the Office of Management and Budget [OMB]).

237  
“walking on stilts”
: Uchino, 49.

237  
“I'm no colonel”
:
American National Biography
6, 1999, 690–92.

237  
“an impressive . . . Alice in Wonderland . . . massive failures”
: “Two Billion Dollar Failure in Japan,”
Fortune
, April 1949, 206.

238  
“in effect . . . Until
a peace”
:
Fortune
, June 1949, 188, 190.
the three
di
rective
s
:

238  
the three directives
: the President Directive of September 6, 1945: “It shall be the policy of the Supreme Commander . . . to favor a program for the dissolution of the large industrial and banking combines”; the Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive of November 1, 1945: “You will require this agency to submit, for approval by you, plans for dissolving large Japanese and industrial banking combines, the FEC Directive of June 19, 1947: “It shall be the policy of the Supreme Commander . . . to require a program for the dissolution of the large industrial and banking combines” (Bisson,
Zaibatsu Dissolution
, Appendixes, 239–40).

238  
“on the United States”
: “General MacArthur Replies,” Ibid., 194.

239  
“find their markets”
: Ibid., 74.

239  
three hundred billion yen stolen
: Dower, 117–18.

239  
“Trucks, wagons”
: Costello, 153; Aldous, 98.

239  “
Japan's war stockpiles”
:
World Report
, January 6, 1948.

240  
“Nobody knows”
: Bisson,
Prospects for Democracy
, 115.

240  
increase in yen from
30
billion to
42
billion
: Ibid., 13.

240  
“This statement”
:
Fortune
, June 1949, 198.

240  
“uncorked their champagne bottles”
: Montgomery, 106–7.

241  
“The purgees were not”
:
Fortune
, June 1949, 198.

241  
“All the great”
:
Fortune
, April 1949, 71.

241  
“Even in Japan”
:
Fortune
, June 1949, 202.

241  
“road to fascism”
: Swearingen and Langer, 162.

241  
Red Purge of
20
,
997: Braw, 81.

241  
Purge of
210
,
288
for ties to militarism
: Harries, 43.

242  
“co-prosperity sphere”
:
Baltimore Sun
, August 1947.

242  
“the economic situation”
: Dodge to Cleveland Thurber, Dec. 13, 1948, Joseph M. Dodge Papers, 1949 Japan Box 1, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

242  “
A nuisance factor”
: Sebald to Robert Lovett, Jan. 3, 1949,
FRUS
(1949), vol. 7, 601–3.

242  
Dean Acheson in agreement with MacArthur
: Acheson, 556.

242  
George Kennan in agreement with MacArthur
: Kennan, 394.

242  
Acheson on Japan trade with the Far East
: Acheson, May 8, 1948,
FRUS
(1949), vol. 7, 736–37.

242  “
The Japanese couldn't”
: Prestowitz, 67.

242  
“paper napkins”
: Dower, 537.

243  
“In no other nation”
: Joseph M. Dodge statement to the National Advisory Council Staff Committee, January 12, 1950,
The Reports of General MacArthur
, 1994 ed., vol. 2, 295.

243  
$
2
.
3
billion
: Harvey, 398.

243  
“A gift from the gods”
: Weintraub, 353.

243  
“the westernmost outpost”
: “MacArthur Pledges Defense of Japan,”
New York Times
, March 22, 1949, 22. MacArthur in his 1949 statement elaborated on this thought: “Now the Pacific has become an Anglo-Saxon lake and our line of defense runs through the chain of islands fringing the coast of Asia. It starts from the Philippines and continues through the Ryukyu archipelago which includes its broad main bastion, Okinawa. Then it bends back through Japan and the Aleutian Island chain to Alaska” (Ibid.).