Political Order and Political Decay (93 page)

BOOK: Political Order and Political Decay

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14: NIGERIA

15: GEOGRAPHY

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6
. Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States,” in Stephen Haber, ed.,
How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico, 1800â1914
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies,”
Economia
3, no. 1 (2002): 41â101. Stephen Haber makes a similar case based on average rainfall. He argues that regions receiving moderate amounts of rainfall are more likely to produce democratic governments because such climates tend to encourage smallholder agriculture and a more equitable distribution of land, and hence more distributed political power. Neither desert areas with limited rainfall nor tropical regions with heavy rainfall are as likely to support this type of agriculture. Stephen Haber, “Rainfall and Democracy: Climate, Technology, and the Evolution of Economic and Political Institutions” (unpublished paper, August 24, 2012).

16: SILVER, GOLD, AND SUGAR

11
. Ferrel Heady,
Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective
, 6th ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001), pp. 163â64; Jean-Claude Garcia-Zamor, “Administrative Practices of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas: Lessons for Modern Development Administration,”
International Journal of Public Administration
21, no. 1 (1998): 145â71. One archaeologist suggests that early Spanish observers interpreted the impressive network of roads linking Inca land as signs of a large military-bureaucratic establishment, but that their use was much more religious and ceremonial. It is not clear what degree of bureaucracy existed in this empire. See Craig Morris, “The Infrastructure of Inka Control in the Peruvian Central Highlands,” in George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, eds.,
The Inca and Aztec States, 1400â1800: Anthropology and History
(New York: Academic Press, 1982).