Hope's Edge: The Next Diet for a Small Planet (53 page)

20.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. 32.

21.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 17.

22.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., p. 31.

23.
Ibid. p. 31.

24. Milton Moskowitz, Michael Katz, and Robert Levering,
Everybody’s Business: An Almanac
(Harper and Row, 1980), p. 66.

25.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., 44–45.

26.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 34.

27.
Dietary Goals
, op. cit., pp. 40–49.

28.
Ibid. p. 49.

29.
Jane Brody’s Nutrition Book
, op. cit., p. 397.

30.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
The Sodium Content of Your Food
, Home and Garden Bulletin No. 233, pp. 11–12.

31.
Ibid. pp. 17, 19.

32.
Ibid. p. 28.

33.
Gene A. Spiller with Ronald J. Amen,
Topics in Dietary Fiber Research
(Plenum Press, 1978), p. 78.

34.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Handbook of Agricultural Charts, 1978
, p. 56.

35.
Dr. Sharon Fleming, personal correspondence, February 26, 1981.

36.
M. G. Hardinge, A. C. Chambers, H. Crooks, and F. J. Stare, “Nutritional Studies of Vegetarians III. Dietary Levels of Fiber,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
, 1958, 6:523.

37.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 25.

38.
Ibid. p. 30.

39.
Ibid. p. 13.

40.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 785.

41.
Wayne Anderson, “More Meat—or less—on the Dinner Table,”
Feedstuffs
, May 12, 1975, p. 116.

42.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 58.

43.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 784.

44.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., pp. 27–28.

45.
“Antibiotic Feed Additives: The Prospect of Doing Without,”
Farmline
, U.S. Department of Agriculture, December 1980.

46.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Bureau of Foods,
Compliance Program Report of Findings
, FY77 Total Diet Studies—Adult (7320.73), pp. 8, 9.

47.
Talbot Page, Joel Babien, and Stephanie Harris, “The Effect of Diet on Organochlorine Concentration in Breast Milk,” unpublished study. Contact through the Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C. For report of women eating no animal food, see Jeffrey Hergenrather, Gary Hlady, Barbara Wallace, and Eldon Savage, Ethos Research Group, letter to the
New England Journal of Medicine
, March 26, 1981, p. 792. See also
Birthright Denied: The Risks and Benefits of Breast-Feeding
, by Stephanie G. Harris and Joseph H. Highland, Second Edition, revised, The Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C., 1977.

48.
Compliance Program Report
, op. cit., p. 10.

49.
Randall Ment, “Pestiscam,”
Greenpeace Examiner
, Spring 1981, p. 25.

50.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 50.

51.
Graham T. Molitor, “The Food System in the 1980s,”
Journal of Nutrition Education
, volume 12, no. 2 Supplement, 1980, pp. 103 ff.

52.
The Changing American Diet
, op. cit., p. 58.

53.
New England Journal of Medicine
, vol. 304, no. 16 (April 6, 1981), pp. 930–33.

54.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
, vol. 77, July 1980, p. 67.

Chapter 2. Who Asked for Fruit Loops?

  1.
Daniel Zwerdling, “The Food Monsters: How They Gobble Up Each Other—and Us,”
The Progressive
, March 16, 1980, p. 20.

  2.
“Judge Admonishes ITT Bakery Division on Price Tactics,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, May 13, 1981.

  3.
Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins with Cary Fowler,
Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity
(Ballantine, 1979), p. 324 ff. discusses agri-business expansion abroad.

  4.
Milton Moskowitz, Michael Katz, and Robert Levering,
Everybody’s Business: An Almanac
(Harper and Row, 1980), p. 1.

  5.
Impact of Market Concentration on Rising Food Prices
, Hearing Before, the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopoly and Business Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 96th Congress, 1st Session on Rising Food Prices in the United States, April 6, 1979. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979, Testimonies of Drs. Russell Parker, John Connor, and Willard Mueller, p. 46.

  6.
Ibid. (These authorities estimated consumer overcharges to, be as much as $15 billion a year by 1975. From this, I estimate them to have reached about $20 billion a year by 1982.)

  7.
“FTC Asserts Big 3 Cereal Makers Reap Over $1 Billion,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 1980.

  8.
Frederick F. Clairmonte, “U.S. Food Complexes and Multinational Corporations, Reflections on Economic Predation,”
Economic and Political Weekly
, vol. XV, nos. 41, 42, 43, special no. 1980, p. 1815.

  9.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 29.

10.
“FTC Asserts” (see note 7).

11.
Impact of Market Concentration
, op. cit., p. 13.

12.
Ibid. p. 47.

13.
“The Food Monsters,” op. cit., p. 22.

14.
Impact of Market Concentration, op
. cit., p. 47.

15.
“The Food Monsters,” op. cit., p. 22.

16.
A. Kent MacDougall, “Market-Shelf Proliferation—Public Pays,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 27, 1979, pp. 1 ff.

17.
Anthony E. Gallo and John M. Connor, “Packaging in Food Marketing,”
National Food Review
, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Spring 1981.

18.
“Market-Shelf Proliferation—Public Pays,” op. cit.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 45.

21.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Handbook of Agricultural Charts
, 1978, p. 31.

22.
David Pimentel, “Land Degradation: Effects on Food and Energy Resources,”
Science
, vol. 194, October 8, 1976, pp. 151–55.

23.
Georg Borgstrom,
The Food and People Dilemma
(Duxbury Press, 1973), pp. 102–103.

24.
San Francisco Examiner
, May 3, 1981.

25.
Graham T. Molitor, “The Food System in the 1980s,”
Journal of Nutrition Education
, vol. 12, no. 2, Supplement, 1980, p. 109.

26.
Judith J. Wurtman, “The American Eater: Some Nutritional Problems and Some Solutions,”
Vital Issues
, Center for Information on America, vol. XXIX, no. 2, Washington, Conn. 06793.

27.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 19.

28.
“Market-Shelf Proliferation—Public Pays,” op. cit.

29.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 66.

30.
Ibid. p. 127.

31.
Ibid. p. 64.

32.
“Branded Foods,”
Forbes
, January 5, 1981.

33.
Everybody’s Business
, op. cit., p. 49.

34.
Ibid. pp. 28–29.

35.
Robert Choate, Chairman, Council on Children, Media and Merchandising, in
Edible TV: Your Child and Food Commercials
, prepared by the Council on Children, Media and Merchandising for the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, United States Senate, September 1977, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 9.

36.
Ibid. p. 21.

37.
Ibid. p. 63.

38.
Ibid. p. 66.

39.
Ibid. p. 69.

40.
“Branded Foods,”
Forbes
, January 5, 1981.

41.
Kathryn E. Walker, “Homemaking Still Takes Time,”
Journal of Home Economics
, vol. 61, no. 8, October 1969, pp. 621 ff.

42.
Michelle Marder Kamhi, “Making Diets Healthy at P.S. 166,”
Nutrition Action
, January 1980.

Chapter 3. Protein Myths: A New Look

  1.
R. J. Williams, “We Abnormal Normals,”
Nutrition Today
, 1967, 2:19–28.

  2.
Dr. Donald R. Davis, Clayton Foundation Biochemical Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, personal correspondence, May 5, 1981.

  3.
Jessica Wade et al., “Evidence for a Physiological Regulation of Food Selection and Nutrient Intake in Twins,”
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
, vol. 34, February 1981, pp. 143–47.

  4.
Energy and Protein Requirements
, report of Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, WHO Technical Report Series No. 522, Rome, 1973, pp. 66–69.

Chapter 4. Protein Complementarity: The Debate

  1.
“Nutritional Evaluation of Protein Foods,” Peter L. Pellett and Vernon R. Young, eds., The United Nations University World Hunger Programme, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Supplement 4, pp. 59–60.

  2.
A. E. Harper, “Basic Concepts,” in
Improvement of Protein Nutriture
, National Academy of Sciences, 1974.

  3.
H. T. Ostrowski, “Nutritional Improvement of Food and Feed Proteins,” in
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
, Melvin Freedman, ed., vol. 105 (Plenum Press, 1978).

  4.
Nevin Scrimshaw, personal correspondence, April 23, 1981.

A
BOUT THE
A
UTHOR

Frances Moore Lappé is the author of many books, her latest being
Rediscovering America’s Values
(Ballantine, 1989).
What to Do After You Turn Off the TV
, a guide to creative family time, which she wrote with her children, Anna and Anthony, was published in 1985. In 1979, she wrote
Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity
(Ballantine Books) with Joseph Collins. She and Collins also co-founded the San Francisco-based Institute for Food and Development Policy (also known as Food First), a not-for-profit public education and documentation center. An authority on world hunger, Ms. Lappé is best known for
Diet for a Small Planet
, which has sold almost three million copies since it was first published in 1971. In 1990 she co-founded with Paul Martin DuBois the Institute for the Arts of Democracy. Please see the following page for more information.

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